What is ARPANET?
ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network) was the world’s first operational packet switching network.
It originated in the late 1960s with the U.S. Department of Defense.
It linked universities and research institutions for the purpose of communication, sharing human and technical resources, and exchanging data.
The modern Internet evolved out of ARPANET.
It transmitted data via TCP/IP protocol.
Write down transmission media of Co-axial cable.
Guided Co-axial cable consists of solid or stranded copper conductor at center.
It is insulated and shielded from the signal to avoid interference.
Applied for the television, LAN, and cable Internet connections.
It even supports higher bandwidth than twisted pair cables.
Co-axial cables are rugged and applications include those requiring long-distance data transmission.
What is framing?
Frame is the procedure of splitting a long data stream into smaller blocks and these are known as frames.
A header, data, and trailer are included in each frame for identification and error checking.
It is used to detect and repair transmission errors.
Framing guarantees that there is no ambiguity in between the sender and receiver of information.
It works at OSI model’s Data Link Layer.
What are the features of sliding window protocol?
Multiple frames can be sent before submission for acknowledgment.
Enhance the transfer speed of data.
The waiting time and total transmission overall capacity of the network is reduced.
Guarantees ordered and good frame delivery.
Guarantees synchronized error and flow control over a communication channel.
What is non-adaptive routing?
Unadaptive routing concatenates predetermined routes for data to be sent and is complex.
Routes are predefined and not dynamically adapting to the network state.
It is easy to implement with relatively lower computation.
More appropriate for small stable networks.
But it is not adaptive to congestion or link failure.
What is meant by congestion?
Congestion happens when a network is overwhelmed with too much data.
It introduces packet loss, delay and incomplete performance.
Routers and switches become overloaded.
Data flow may be managed with congestion control mechanisms.
It can hinder the network speed as a whole.
What does transport layer do?
The transport layer is used when several streets want to speak with an end-to-end signal.
It provides a dependable data transfer in the presence of unreliable communication links and is have been widely used protocols like TCP / IP for achieving reliable delivery over unreliable channels.
Carries out segmentation, reassembly and error control.
Controls the flow and establishing connections between them.
It is above the network layer in the OSI model.
What is UDP?
Use the User Datagram Protocol (UDP), which is a protocol within the transport layer that does not maintain connections.
It transmits information without making any connection.
Faster, but more unreliable than TCP.
It is applied in video streaming and gaming.
No error correction or acknowledgement is supported.
Define application layer? What are the functions of the application layer?
The Application layer makes contact with the end users.
It offers network services including emailing, file transfer, and web browsing.
Is the intermediate between network and user.
Uses protocols such as HTTP, FTP and SMTP.
Makes sure the communication is user-friendly and easy-to-follow.
What is DNS?
DNS is Domain Name System.
It changes domain names into IP addresses.
Enables people to use easily remembered names instead of numbers when using the Web.
Kind of like a phonebook for the Internet.
Enhances navigation and connection to the Internet.